The dreaded ACL rupture epidemic: Part 2 "Anatomy of an ACL rupture"

Functional Anatomy of the Knee

The knee joint consists of three bones, muscles and many ligaments. The shin bone (tibia), the thigh bone (femur) and the knee cap (patella) form the knee. The primary muscles are the quadriceps on the top of the thigh and the hamstrings on the back of the thigh. These muscles are primary controllers of how the knee moves.

 

Ligaments attach the bones together to allow the muscles to move the knee in a controlled and predictable fashion.  The knee has four main ligaments that control stability when you walk, run, and pivot. Two ligaments protect the stability of the knee from the side and are called collateral ligaments and two ligaments attach the thigh bone and shin bone from the center of the knee. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of a pair of ligaments that cross at the center of the knee joint. This ligament crosses with the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). This pair of ligaments work together to stabilize the knee from front to back during normal and athletic movements. They function to keep the knee joint centered and prevent wear and tear on the joint cartilage inside the knee.

The knee has shock absorbing pads between the thigh and shin bone to protect from wear and tear. These structures are called the medial and lateral meniscus. Each pad is horseshoe shaped and absorbs weight when the foot contacts the ground and allows for frictionless movement at the knee joint.

Next week the post will be discussing Part 3 of this series: ACL rupture injury mechanisms

The dreaded ACL rupture epidemic: Part 1

As a sports injury physical therapist, I am asked weekly by concerned parents regarding ACL injuries. They watch sports on television and read articles regarding professional athletes such as the NFL Kansas City Chiefs safety Eric Berry and running back Jaamal Charles rupturing the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on television and being ruled out by the physicians for the rest of the season. Many fear that their adolescent athlete may suffer the same fate and ask if this type of injury can be prevented. Research shows injury prevention is possible with proper training and appropriate athletic development strategies.

It is true that ACL continues to be ruptured at an alarming rate in high school, collegiate and professional athletes and parents should be concerned.  An estimated 200,000 ACL-related injuries occur annually in the United States, with approximately 95,000 ACL ruptures. Approximately 100,000 ACL reconstruction surgeries are performed each year. The incidence of ACL injury is higher in people who participate in high-risk sports such as basketball, football, skiing, and soccer. Females have a 2.4-9.7 times greater prevalence of ACL injury compared to males of suffering this season ending injury.

To learn more about ACL ruptures and how to prevent this injury I will be writing posts regarding this subject with videos of exercises included!

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